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Irish soldiers in Italy 1860 : The Last Crusade
( excerpt from Cara Magazine, Dublin,
Jan/Feb 1988 )
In the spring and summer of
1860 more than a thousand Irishmen participated in an extraordinary
adventure travelling to Italy to fight for the Pope, Pius IX in a
little-known chapter of the Risorgimento, the Italian unification movement .
This expedition has been called
“The Last Crusade” because the volunteers’ motives for giving their arms,
and a few their lives, were of a religious and patriotic nature. They made
up an Irish Battalion named in honour of St. Patrick and fought courageously
under the papal banner in all four of the principal engagements of the 1860
campaign: at Ancona, and Castelfidardo in the Marches and at Spoleto and
Perugia in Umbria.
A deep gratitude towards Pius
IX for his help during the days of the Great Hunger (1848-49) was still
felt in Ireland while the centuries-old tradition of Ireland being “married
to the Church” prompted many to enlist to protect the Pope and the church’s
temporal domains then threatened by the armies of Savoy King Victor
Emanuel and of Garibaldi.
 Fighting for the Pope also
meant a chance to fight as Irishmen, and not as British subjects, just as
the ”Wild Geese” had done for monarchs in Spain, Russia, Naples, France and
Austria since the 17th century.
Prior to 1860 Pius IX and his
counsellors had had several doubts concerning the enlistment of Irish
soldiers. One was the cheapness of wine in Italy which, they thought, might
prove fatal to the Irish. The other was the laws of England especially the
Foreign Enlistment Act, which forbade the recruitment of British subjects to
fight for foreign heads of state. But by January 1860 Pius IX had changed
his mind owing to the seriousness of the situation in central Italy and his
emissary, Count Charles MacDonnell, an Austrian officer of Irish descent,
secretary to Field Marshal Prince Nugent and a papal chamberlain, set out
for Ireland to commence the organization of the volunteer movement.
A Dublin Committee was formed
to stimulate monetary subscriptions and coordinate the volunteers on the
Irish end. After Count MacDonnell ‘s visit a spate of patriotic poems and
articles appeared and there was no turning back the tide of enthusiastic
volunteers. Spirits were also ignited by the sermons and speeches pronounced
at meetings held all over Ireland in the early months of 1860.
Besides farmers and working
class men there were doctors, graduates of military academies, a bishop’s
nephew and twenty members of the Cork police who resigned posts to serve
the Pope’s private army.
Travel to Italy was tricky due
to the Foreign Enlistment Act but many loopholes were found allowing the
volunteers to embark. A few signed letters in Belgium in the name of the
Grand Prior of the Order of Malta who was Field Marshal Nugent. They could
also legally enter the papal service as policemen or gendarme. Most of the
men were accompanied by priests and called themselves pilgrims, emigrants
or workmen . By secret routes they travelled through Belgium, France and
then Austria where officers of Irish background met them and they received
a first military training.
Other groups went by sea from
Marseilles and landed in Civitavecchia. Gregorovius described the “eggs and
spinach” coloured uniforms of the Irish he saw in Rome in the spring of
1860 but in reality only a few officers had the time (and money) to have
these tailor made for themselves before the war was declared in September.
An Austrian Archduke had five
hundred greatcoats made and delivered as a gift to the Irish and a thousand
muskets were given at nominal price but when drilling began, some tall
Tipperary farm lads had to try and stuff themselves into temporary,
second-hand uniforms designed for much smaller Italian soldiers. Just
thirteen days before the outbreak of war the Irish still lacked necessities
such as belts, haversacks, shirts, underclothes and shoes not to mention 200
muskets and the green uniforms they had been promised.
English spies were doing all
they could to discredit the Irish Brigade and there was sabotage by Italian
employees who sympathised with the unification forces. Spies accosted the
Irish in Rome and in Spoleto with passports, money and positions on English
ships as inducements to desert.
By September 11th the Irish
Brigade was still divided and two nights before the attack on the Rocca of
Spoleto, Major O’Reilly wrote: “The night was spent by the Irishmen chiefly
in dancing and singing; no authority could get them to go to bed, they were
so excited at the prospect of fighting”.
This is a preview of my next
book “For Garibaldi, for the Pope: the untold story of Irish and English
participation in the Risorgimento” for which research began in Rome in
1967 . Publication date? Possibly by spring 2009. Contact me for
updates.
macryan@libero.it
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